The Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21 / CMP11) from 30 November to 11 December 2015. This is a crucial deadline since it must lead to a new international climate agreement, applicable all to maintain global warming below 2 ° C.
The cop21 held in Paris and brings together 129 countries, summit ended with the confirmation by all the participants of an international climate agreement, applicable to all countries3, whose objective is to limit global warming of 1, 5 ° C and 2 ° C by 2100.
The participating States at COP21 have very varied contributions both in their content and in the time of publication. If developed countries were invited to submit their contributions to the United Nations before 31 March 2015, developing countries have until autumn to submit theirs.
A total of 184 countries representing almost all global emissions of greenhouse gases had submitted their climate action plans to the United Nations before the opening of COP21; of the 196 signatories to the Framework UN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), he lacked only twelve: two countries in state of civil war (Libya and Syria), three oil countries (Venezuela, Uzbekistan and Brunei) , North Korea, Panama, Nicaragua, Nepal, East Timor, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Tonga13. Four of these latecomers have submitted a contribution in December 2015: Brunei, Tonga, Venezuela and St. Kitts and Niévès14; in total, so are 188 countries that have contributed (160 contributions, including that of the European Union which is common to 28 countries), and missing only 8 countries.
Here are the countries that submitted their contributions15:
February 27, 2015: the Switzerland formally contribution first. She announced will reduce by 50% its emissions of greenhouse gases between 1990 and 2030, by a 30% reduction in emissions on its national territory and 20% through offset projects abroad;
6 March 2015: 28 States of the European Union, which alone account for nearly 10% of greenhouse gas emissions on the planète16, commit to reducing by 40% greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 compared to 1990. The long-term objective is a reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases by 80-95% by 2050;
March 27, 2015: Norway is committed to reducing its emissions by at least 40% by 2030;
March 30, 2015: Mexico is the first developing country to submit a contribution. He stated aim for peak emissions by 2026 and a 22% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to current developments planned for 2013. This contribution states that benefit from financial aid or sufficient technology transfer, this reduction may reach 36%;
March 31, 2015: Russia announces want to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gas by 25% to 30% by 2030, still compared to 1990. For this, Russia has particular on the management of its forests because it has 25% of global forest resources;
31 March 2015: the United States, the second largest emitter considering accordance with the announcement made jointly with China in November 2014 (the latter in 2013 the source of 28% of global CO2 emissions, followed by the United States, 14% and Europe 10% 16) to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gas by 26-28% by 2025 (compared to 2005);
1 April 2015: Gabon, first African country to display its climate commitments, has in its contribution to reduce its emissions by at least 50% compared to the expected evolution in case of unchanged policy. The country presents measures to master them and a coping strategy, especially regarding its coastline, particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels;
April 23, 2015: Liechtenstein make public a target of 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990;
April 30, 2015: Andorra provides in its contribution a 37% reduction of greenhouse gas by 2030 greenhouse, and particularly with the effort in the areas of energy and waste which represent almost all of its emissions of greenhouse gases;
May 18, 2015: Canada sets a target of reducing its emissions of greenhouse gases by 30% by 2030 compared to 2005;
June 3, 2015: Morocco the formula a target of reducing its emissions of greenhouse gas by 13% in 2030, however, likely to reach 32% reduction subject to international financial support;
June 11, 2015: Ethiopia’s objective is, if appropriate funding permits, to limit net emissions of greenhouse gas and 145 million tons CO2 equivalent or lower level by 2030, a reducing emissions by 64% compared with the expected development if inchangée17 policy;
June 11, 2015: Serbia adopts contribution18 which commits to reducing its emissions of greenhouse gases by 9.8% in 2030 compared to 1990. Serbia is the first country in the Balkans, but also first candidate country to join the European Union, to submit its contribution;
June 30, 2015: Iceland’s objective is in its contribution19 reduce by 40% its emissions of greenhouse gases by 2030 compared to 1990;
June 30, 2015: China sets three main objectives in its contribution20: first, achieve a CO2 emissions peak by 2030 at the latest; second, reduce 60-65% CO2 emissions per unit of GDP than in 2005, knowing they have already fallen by 33.8% in 2014 compared to 2005; third, use more and more non-fossil energy, that is to say, renewable energy and nuclear power, so that their share in primary energy consumption was 20% in 2030, while it stood at 11.2% in 2014;
June 30, 2015: South Korea attaches contribution21 in its main objective to reduce its GHG emissions by 37% by 2030 compared to a “business as usual” scenario up sharply, with 25.7% reducing the growth of its national emissions and 11.3% by purchasing on the international market permits émissions22;
July 3, 2015: Singapore to prominence in his contribution23 its intention to reduce its GHG emissions by 36% by 2030 compared to 2005, and to stabilize its CO2 emissions by achieving an emission peak around 2030;
July 7, 2015: New Zealand has a goal in his contribution24 gas reduction of greenhouse gases by 30% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels, which represents a decrease of 11% compared to 1990 ;
July 17, 2015: Japan enters its contribution25 to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gas by 2030 about 25.4% compared to 2005 (26% compared to 2013 levels). This percentage would lead in 2030 to a level of emissions of about 1.04 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent;
July 21, 2015: Marshall Islands in their contribution26 intend to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gas by 32% by 2025 compared to 2010 levels and by 45% by 2030, the ultimate goal is to reach a balance of neutral emissions in 2050;
1 October 2015: India is not committed to reducing its emissions of greenhouse gases, which increased by 67% between 1990 and 2012, but only on reducing its “carbon intensity” (rates CO2 emissions per unit of GDP) of 33-35% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels; she also agrees to pay 40% in 2030 the share of renewable energies; especially solar output would be multiplied by thirty, 100 000 MW in 2022. But the share of coal in electricity production will still be 40% in 202227.
On November 2, 2015, China and France expressed support for the establishment in the agreement expected at the end of the COP21, a periodic review mechanism of national commitments; the joint statement also calls for an agreement “legally binding”. This position is a major development on the part of China; President Xi Jinping has called global warming “global challenge” and called to get a result “ambitious”, “it is imperative for the Chine28”.
On November 12, 2015, John Kerry said in the Financial Times that the agreement will not be legally binding, opinion contrary to that of François Hollande29.
The post COP21, Issues and solutions appeared first on DIFFERENT THOUGHTS.